Summary

水生生物に浮遊堆積物の影響を評価するためのフロースルー露光装置

Published: January 09, 2017
doi:

Summary

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

Abstract

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

Introduction

浚渫事業は、港湾や航路から底質を除去するための機械的方法を使用します。除去の際に、乱れた土砂の一部は、潜在的水生生物への物理的なストレスのこのソースを作り、水柱に懸濁されます。中断されることに加えて、堆積物は、水柱の沈降前に周囲条件によって浚渫から離れて輸送することができます。これら二つの機構の組合せは、動作浚渫近く起こる水生生物が懸濁堆積物に曝露し、悪影響を受けることができることを意味します。このような問題に対処するため、環境のウィンドウ(季節浚渫制限が)日常水産資源1,2に活動を浚渫から中断した堆積物の潜在的に有害な影響のリスクを低減または排除するために、管理の実践として使用されています。

環境ウィンドウは最も一般的に絶滅の危機に保護するために設立され、脅されたりこのようなスケトウダラ( サンダーvitreus)と東部カキ( マガキ属virginicaの )3のような商業的に貴重な種。環境ウィンドウを課すための支持の正当化は、多くの場合、浚渫活動が潜在的に物理的に( 例えば 、浮遊砂)、その生活史の特定の部分を完了するために、動物の能力を妨害することができるかに焦点を当てています。一般的に引用されたライフステージは遡河種3のためのオープン移動ルートを維持するための卵や幼虫です。しかし、リスク管理ツールとして、環境のウィンドウを使用して通知するために利用可能な浮遊砂4,5に関連する種特異的な生物学的影響に関する情報は限られています。

これらの理由から、逃げるは、設計、構築、および沈殿物の懸濁液をシミュレートするために、水生生物の初期のライフステージに対するその効果を決定するために使用しました。研究は、きめの細かい堆積物粒子( すなわち 、主にシルトを、使用逃げます懸濁液中に残り、ソースから遠くに移行する可能性が最も高い粘土、及び細かい砂)。逃げるは、試験魚卵と幼虫が可能であるが、また、独自の機能ながら、他の水生生物を収容するように改造することができます。得られた生物学的反応データは、懸濁堆積物の影響を評価するために使用することができます。次の手順では、技術を構築し、様々な水生生物種を使用して再現性浮遊砂濃度と効果のデータを得るために動作させることができる方法の概要を提供します。

Protocol

すべては、脊椎動物を用いた実験が適切なエンジニア研究開発センター(ERDC)環境研究所施設内動物管理および使用するプロトコルの下で行われた逃亡します。 1.逃げるモジュール、ウォーターバス、・アクアリウムモジュールを構築するための木製の柱、間柱や合板を取得します。研究目標を達成するための基本的な作業台に似て(数とサイズで)モジュール…

Representative Results

運用一連の実験は逃げるが、各水槽(セクション5.5および6.2)に堆積物の適切な濃度を提供していることを確認するための実験を開始する前に行われます。 図6は、NTUの濃度が目標浮遊砂濃度を達成するための実験水槽内に維持されている様子を示します。この例では、浮遊砂が提案されたテスト堆積物、フィールド内の典型的なエクスポージャーをシミ…

Discussion

逃げる技術は、自動化、コンピュータ制御システムを使用して維持し、露光時間の広い範囲にわたって中断堆積物を制御することにより、既存の方法4,9と浮遊砂濃度に向上します。技術は、種に応じて大人まで卵からサイズの異なる複数の水生生物及びライフステージに懸濁堆積物の影響を評価するために使用することができるように柔軟です。将来的には、技術が水没水生植物へ?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program, Todd Bridges, Director. Permission was granted by the Chief of Engineers to publish this material.

Materials

Parts List for one FLEES Module, Water Bath, and Aquarium
post, wood – used to build module (cut to 78 in) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 4
Size: 4 in x 4 in x 8 ft
plywood, marine grade – fastened to wooden posts about 18 in off ground – for holding water bath (60 in x 42 in) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 1
Size: 3/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft
plywood – fastened on top of wooden posts – for holding pipes, solenoids and electrical (60 in x 42 in) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 1
Size: 1/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft
stud, wood – used to brace plywood and wooden posts (cut to fit) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 4
Size: 2 in x 4 in x 96 in
tank, fiberglass – water bath with two drains: 1) to supply chiller; and 2) to drain water Hydro Composites, LLC, Stockdale, TX, USA FBT-226 Quantity: 1
Size: 150-gal
chiller, water with self contained pump – for water bath; chiller sits under module Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA CFF-500 Quantity: 1
Size: 1/2 hp
tank, domed bottom – FLEES aquaria – sit inside water bath United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 5197 Quantity: 5
Size: 19 L
tank, stand – acrylic stand, 12 in x 12 in x 6 in – to hold aquaria custom built by ERDC shops N/A Quantity: 5
Size: custom
urethane, liquid- to seal carboy plug and prevent leaking Forsch Polymer Corporation, Englewood, CO 60A Liquid Urethane Quantity: 5
Size: epoxy kit
pump, magnetic drive – to suspend sediment in each aquarium March Manufacturing Inc., Glenview, IL, USA MDX-3-1/2 115 v Quantity: 5
Size: 28 liter per min
light, LED – installed over water bath C2 Development, Inc., Ames, IA, USA Hydra 26 Quantity: 2
Size: based on area to light
pipe, PVC schedule 40 – installed in drain of water bath to control water level Local vendor N/A Quantity: –
Size: 1 in
fittings, bulkhead – for aquaria/water bath connections to pumps, drains, water and slurry lines Lifegard Aquatics, Cerritos, CA, USA R270900 Quantity: 20
Size: 1/2 in FPT x FPT
fittings, quick-disconnect, male pipe threaded inserts – insert in tank bulkhead Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA EW-31303-36 Quantity: 10
Size: 1/2 in MPT
fittings, quick-disconnect, valved hose barbs – connection between aquarium and insert in tank bulkhead Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA EW-31303-11 Quantity: 10
Size: 1/2 in
fittings, black HDPE threaded elbow – for aquaria vinyl tube connections to slurry/water line and pump United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 62043 Quantity: 20
Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID
fittings, black HDPE threaded adapter – for connections between pump and tank bulkhead United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 62017 Quantity: 10
Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID
tube, vinyl – connect slurry/water line to aquaria and to connect pumps to aquaria Local vendor N/A Quantity: 25 ft
Size: 1/2 in ID
tube, vinyl – connect to aquaria drains inserts and water bath drain Local vendor N/A Quantity: 25 ft
Size: 5/8 in ID
clamp, hose, stainless steel – to clamp vinyl tube to hose barbs Local vendor N/A Quantity: 40
Size: #8
Name Company Catalog Number Comments
 
Parts list for Slurry System
 
chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of slurry tank Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA CFF-500 Quantity: 1
Size: 1/2 hp
125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8586 Quantity: 1
Size: 125 gal
Cover for 125 gallon tank United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8935 Quantity: 1
Size: 42 in x 35 in
valve, PVC – connect tank drain to pump – isolate for maintenance local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 2
Size: 1-1/2 in
pump, double diaphragm mounted on stand – used to recirculate slurry Wilden-pumps.co.uk & Air Pumping Ltd., Essex, UK P2/PPPP/WF/WF/PTV/400 Quantity: 1

contact distributor
sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in slurry tank Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA OBS-3+ Quantity: 1
Size: 0-1000 NTU
pipe, PVC Schedule 40 – to recirculate slurry local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 20 ft
Size: 1 in
pipe, flexible PVC – fitted with union and used to connect to next module local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 10 ft
Size: 1 in
union, PVC Schedle 80 Socket – connect slurry line with next module local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 8
Size: 1/2 in
solenoid, plastomatic (normally closed) – introduce slurry Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc., Cedar Grove, NJ, USA EASYMT4V12R24-PV Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in NPT threaded, 24 VAC
contact distributor
fitting, PVC tee – connect slurry pipe with solenoid local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1 in x 1 in x 1 in slip x slip x FIPT
fittings, 1 in PVC ball valve threaded – shut off for slurry delivery to solenoid/water lines local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 7
Size: 1/2 in
fittings, 1 in PVC union threaded – connect slurry solenoid to shut off valve local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in
tube, vinyl – connection between water solenoid and slurry solenoid Local vendor N/A Quantity: 50 ft
Size: 1/4" ID
Name Company Catalog Number Comments
 
Parts list for Water System
 
chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of reservoir Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA CFF-500 Quantity: 1
Size: 1/2 hp
125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8586 Quantity: 1
Size: 125 gal
Cover for 125 gallon tank United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8935 Quantity: 1
Size: 42 in x 35 in
valve, PVC – connect tank drain to water pump local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 2
Size: 1 in
pump, magnetic drive, in-line use – used to recirculate water to aquaria and chiller Little Giant, Fort Wayne, IN, USA 3-MD-SC Quantity: 1
Size: 1/12 hp
solenoid, alco – introduce water discontinued; ASCO, Florham Park, NJ,USA for similar N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 24 v, 1/4 in NIPT
fittings, black HDPE reducer connector – connect 1/4 in hose water line from solenoid  to 1/2 in hose local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in hose ID x 1/4 in hose ID
fittings, black HDPE tee – connect 1/2 in hose water line and slurry to aquaria local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in NPT x 1/2 in hose ID x 1/2 in hose ID
fittings, street elbow local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in 90° MIPT x FIPT
fittings, PVC threaded pipe nipples – connect union fittings with solenoids and other connections local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 12
Size: 1/2 in
fittings, union threaded – connect slurry/water lines with next module local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 6
Size: 1 in PVC 
fittings, reducer bushing – connect to reducer tee in water line local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in male by 1/4 in female FIPT
fittings, threaded pipe nipples – connection between bushing and water solenoid local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size:  4 in long  x 1/4 in 
pipe, PVC  – make connections between tank, pump and chiller local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5 ft
Size: Schedule 40
Name Company Catalog Number Comments
 
Parts list for Sensors, Data Acquisition Device, and Computer Software
 
software, LabView National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA LabView 2015 Base Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI-1001 12-Slot Chassis, U.S. 120 VAC National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776571-01 Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI 1100 – 32-Channel, ±10 V Analog Input Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776572-00 Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI 1303 – Terminal block designed for high-accuracy thermocouple measurements National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 777687-03 Quantity: 2
Size: N/A
SCXI 1102B – 32-Channel Thermocouple/Voltage Input Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776572-02B Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI 1161 – General-Purpose Relay Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776572-61 Quantity: 6
Size: N/A
SCXI 1300 – General-Purpose Voltage Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 777687-00 Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
PCMCIA Card DAQCARD-AI-16E-4 National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA N/A – legacy Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
used cards available online
sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in each aquarium Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA OBS-3+ Quantity: 5
Size: 0-1000 NTU

References

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  11. Wilkens, J. L., Katzenmeyer, A. W., Hahn, N. M., Hoover, J. J., Suedel, B. C. Laboratory test of suspended sediment effects on short-term survival and swimming performance of juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus). J. Appl. Ichthy. 31, 984-990 (2015).
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Cite This Article
Suedel, B. C., Wilkens, J. L. A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life. J. Vis. Exp. (119), e54937, doi:10.3791/54937 (2017).

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