Summary

Ein Durchflussbelichtungssystem für die Bewertung Schwebstoffe Auswirkungen auf Leben im Wasser

Published: January 09, 2017
doi:

Summary

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

Abstract

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

Introduction

Ausbaggerarbeiten verwenden mechanische Methoden, um Bodensedimenten aus Häfen und Fahrrinnen entfernen. Während der Entnahme wird ein Teil des gestörten Sediments in die Wassersäule suspendiert, potentiell und dass das eine Quelle für körperliche Belastung für Wasserlebewesen. Darüber hinaus ausgesetzt wird, werden das Sediment kann, bevor sie sich aus der Wassersäule entfernt von der Dredge durch Umgebungsbedingungen transportiert. Die Kombination dieser beiden Mechanismen bedeutet, dass ein Wasserorganismen in der Nähe eines Betriebs Baggers auftritt können Schwebstoffe ausgesetzt und erleiden nachteilige Auswirkungen. Um die Behebung solcher Bedenken, Umwelt Fenster (saisonal Ausbaggern Einschränkungen) werden routinemäßig als Management – Praxis zu reduzieren oder zu beseitigen Risiko von potenziell schädlichen Auswirkungen von Schwebstoffen aus Baggerarbeiten auf Wasserressourcen 1,2.

Umwelt Fenster werden am häufigsten gefährdet zu schützen gegründet, bedroht oderkommerziell wertvolle Arten wie Zander (Sander Vitreus) und Amerikanische Auster (Crassostrea virginica) 3. Die tragende Begründung für die Verhängung von Umwelt Fenster konzentriert sich oft auf , wie Dredge Aktivitäten können potenziell stören körperlich (zB Schwebstoffe) eines Tieres Fähigkeit , einen bestimmten Teil seiner Lebensgeschichte zu vervollständigen. Die Lebensstadien häufig zitiert sind Eier und Larven für Routen Migration offen zu halten für anadromous Art 3. Allerdings gibt es nur begrenzte Informationen artspezifischen biologischen Wirkungen relevant Schwebstoffe 4,5 betreffend zur Verfügung zur Verwendung von Umwelt Fenster als Instrument des Risikomanagements informieren.

Aus diesen Gründen wurde die entflieht entworfen, gebaut und verwendet, um die Suspension von Sedimenten zu simulieren und ihre Auswirkungen auf die frühen Lebensstadien von Wasserorganismen zu bestimmen. Entflieht Studien verwenden feinkörnige Sedimentpartikel (dh überwiegend Schluffe,Tone und feinen Sand), die am wahrscheinlichsten in Suspension zu bleiben und am weitesten von der Quelle zu migrieren. Die entflieht der Lage ist, Testfischeier und Larven, aber es kann auch zur Aufnahme anderer Wasserorganismen nachgerüstet werden, ist es eine einzigartige Fähigkeit macht. Die resultierenden biologischen Antwortdaten können dann verwendet werden, um die Auswirkungen von Schwebstoffen zu beurteilen. Die folgenden Verfahren geben einen Überblick darüber, wie kann die Technologie wiederholbar Schwebstoffe Konzentrationen und Effekte Daten aufgebaut und betrieben werden unter Verwendung verschiedener Wasserarten zu erhalten.

Protocol

Alle entflieht Versuche mit Wirbeltieren unter dem entsprechenden Ingenieur Forschungs- und Entwicklungszentrum (ERDC) Umweltlabor Institutional Animal Care und Verwenden Protokolle durchgeführt wurden. 1. entflieht Module, Wasserbad und Aquaria Erhalten Holzpfosten, Nieten und Sperrholz für das Modul zu bauen. Konstruieren Sie die Module (in Anzahl und Größe) ähnlich wie bei einem Grundwerkbank Forschungsziele zu erfüllen. Schneiden Sie das Sperrholz (0,127 cm) fü…

Representative Results

Eine Reihe von Betriebsläufe durchgeführt, bevor ein Experiment beginnen, um sicherzustellen, dass die flüchtet in jedem Aquarium die entsprechenden Konzentrationen von Sedimenten liefert (Abschnitte 5.5 und 6.2). Abbildung 6 zeigt , wie NTU – Konzentrationen werden in der experimentellen Aquarien gehalten Ziel Schwebstoffe Konzentrationen zu erreichen. In diesem Beispiel entflieht bewertet, ob Schwebstoffe über einen Zeitraum von drei Tagen mit dem vorgeschlagenen T…

Discussion

Die entflieht – Technologie verbessert die auf bestehenden Methoden 4,9 durch die Aufrechterhaltung und Schwebstoffe Kontrolle über einen weiten Bereich von Belichtungszeiten und Schwebstoffe Konzentrationen eines automatisierten, computergesteuerten System. Die Technologie ist flexibel, so dass es verwendet werden kann, um die Auswirkungen von Schwebstoffen auf mehrere Wassertierarten und Lebensstadien von unterschiedlichen Größen von Eiern an Erwachsene je nach Art zu bewerten. In Zukunft ist die Technol…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program, Todd Bridges, Director. Permission was granted by the Chief of Engineers to publish this material.

Materials

Parts List for one FLEES Module, Water Bath, and Aquarium
post, wood – used to build module (cut to 78 in) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 4
Size: 4 in x 4 in x 8 ft
plywood, marine grade – fastened to wooden posts about 18 in off ground – for holding water bath (60 in x 42 in) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 1
Size: 3/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft
plywood – fastened on top of wooden posts – for holding pipes, solenoids and electrical (60 in x 42 in) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 1
Size: 1/4 in x 4 ft x 8 ft
stud, wood – used to brace plywood and wooden posts (cut to fit) Local vendor N/A Quantity: 4
Size: 2 in x 4 in x 96 in
tank, fiberglass – water bath with two drains: 1) to supply chiller; and 2) to drain water Hydro Composites, LLC, Stockdale, TX, USA FBT-226 Quantity: 1
Size: 150-gal
chiller, water with self contained pump – for water bath; chiller sits under module Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA CFF-500 Quantity: 1
Size: 1/2 hp
tank, domed bottom – FLEES aquaria – sit inside water bath United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 5197 Quantity: 5
Size: 19 L
tank, stand – acrylic stand, 12 in x 12 in x 6 in – to hold aquaria custom built by ERDC shops N/A Quantity: 5
Size: custom
urethane, liquid- to seal carboy plug and prevent leaking Forsch Polymer Corporation, Englewood, CO 60A Liquid Urethane Quantity: 5
Size: epoxy kit
pump, magnetic drive – to suspend sediment in each aquarium March Manufacturing Inc., Glenview, IL, USA MDX-3-1/2 115 v Quantity: 5
Size: 28 liter per min
light, LED – installed over water bath C2 Development, Inc., Ames, IA, USA Hydra 26 Quantity: 2
Size: based on area to light
pipe, PVC schedule 40 – installed in drain of water bath to control water level Local vendor N/A Quantity: –
Size: 1 in
fittings, bulkhead – for aquaria/water bath connections to pumps, drains, water and slurry lines Lifegard Aquatics, Cerritos, CA, USA R270900 Quantity: 20
Size: 1/2 in FPT x FPT
fittings, quick-disconnect, male pipe threaded inserts – insert in tank bulkhead Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA EW-31303-36 Quantity: 10
Size: 1/2 in MPT
fittings, quick-disconnect, valved hose barbs – connection between aquarium and insert in tank bulkhead Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA EW-31303-11 Quantity: 10
Size: 1/2 in
fittings, black HDPE threaded elbow – for aquaria vinyl tube connections to slurry/water line and pump United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 62043 Quantity: 20
Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID
fittings, black HDPE threaded adapter – for connections between pump and tank bulkhead United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 62017 Quantity: 10
Size: 1/2 NPT x 1/2 in Hose ID
tube, vinyl – connect slurry/water line to aquaria and to connect pumps to aquaria Local vendor N/A Quantity: 25 ft
Size: 1/2 in ID
tube, vinyl – connect to aquaria drains inserts and water bath drain Local vendor N/A Quantity: 25 ft
Size: 5/8 in ID
clamp, hose, stainless steel – to clamp vinyl tube to hose barbs Local vendor N/A Quantity: 40
Size: #8
Name Company Catalog Number Comments
 
Parts list for Slurry System
 
chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of slurry tank Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA CFF-500 Quantity: 1
Size: 1/2 hp
125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8586 Quantity: 1
Size: 125 gal
Cover for 125 gallon tank United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8935 Quantity: 1
Size: 42 in x 35 in
valve, PVC – connect tank drain to pump – isolate for maintenance local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 2
Size: 1-1/2 in
pump, double diaphragm mounted on stand – used to recirculate slurry Wilden-pumps.co.uk & Air Pumping Ltd., Essex, UK P2/PPPP/WF/WF/PTV/400 Quantity: 1

contact distributor
sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in slurry tank Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA OBS-3+ Quantity: 1
Size: 0-1000 NTU
pipe, PVC Schedule 40 – to recirculate slurry local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 20 ft
Size: 1 in
pipe, flexible PVC – fitted with union and used to connect to next module local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 10 ft
Size: 1 in
union, PVC Schedle 80 Socket – connect slurry line with next module local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 8
Size: 1/2 in
solenoid, plastomatic (normally closed) – introduce slurry Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc., Cedar Grove, NJ, USA EASYMT4V12R24-PV Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in NPT threaded, 24 VAC
contact distributor
fitting, PVC tee – connect slurry pipe with solenoid local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1 in x 1 in x 1 in slip x slip x FIPT
fittings, 1 in PVC ball valve threaded – shut off for slurry delivery to solenoid/water lines local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 7
Size: 1/2 in
fittings, 1 in PVC union threaded – connect slurry solenoid to shut off valve local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in
tube, vinyl – connection between water solenoid and slurry solenoid Local vendor N/A Quantity: 50 ft
Size: 1/4" ID
Name Company Catalog Number Comments
 
Parts list for Water System
 
chiller, water with self contained pump – sits off to side of reservoir Remcor Products Co., Glendale Heights, IL, USA CFF-500 Quantity: 1
Size: 1/2 hp
125 gallon open top cone bottom tank w/Stand – 42 in x 35 in – contains the water and sediment to make slurry United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8586 Quantity: 1
Size: 125 gal
Cover for 125 gallon tank United States Plastic Corp, Lima, OH, USA 8935 Quantity: 1
Size: 42 in x 35 in
valve, PVC – connect tank drain to water pump local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 2
Size: 1 in
pump, magnetic drive, in-line use – used to recirculate water to aquaria and chiller Little Giant, Fort Wayne, IN, USA 3-MD-SC Quantity: 1
Size: 1/12 hp
solenoid, alco – introduce water discontinued; ASCO, Florham Park, NJ,USA for similar N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 24 v, 1/4 in NIPT
fittings, black HDPE reducer connector – connect 1/4 in hose water line from solenoid  to 1/2 in hose local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in hose ID x 1/4 in hose ID
fittings, black HDPE tee – connect 1/2 in hose water line and slurry to aquaria local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in NPT x 1/2 in hose ID x 1/2 in hose ID
fittings, street elbow local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in 90° MIPT x FIPT
fittings, PVC threaded pipe nipples – connect union fittings with solenoids and other connections local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 12
Size: 1/2 in
fittings, union threaded – connect slurry/water lines with next module local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 6
Size: 1 in PVC 
fittings, reducer bushing – connect to reducer tee in water line local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size: 1/2 in male by 1/4 in female FIPT
fittings, threaded pipe nipples – connection between bushing and water solenoid local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5
Size:  4 in long  x 1/4 in 
pipe, PVC  – make connections between tank, pump and chiller local plumbing vendor N/A Quantity: 5 ft
Size: Schedule 40
Name Company Catalog Number Comments
 
Parts list for Sensors, Data Acquisition Device, and Computer Software
 
software, LabView National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA LabView 2015 Base Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI-1001 12-Slot Chassis, U.S. 120 VAC National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776571-01 Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI 1100 – 32-Channel, ±10 V Analog Input Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776572-00 Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI 1303 – Terminal block designed for high-accuracy thermocouple measurements National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 777687-03 Quantity: 2
Size: N/A
SCXI 1102B – 32-Channel Thermocouple/Voltage Input Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776572-02B Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
SCXI 1161 – General-Purpose Relay Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 776572-61 Quantity: 6
Size: N/A
SCXI 1300 – General-Purpose Voltage Module National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA 777687-00 Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
PCMCIA Card DAQCARD-AI-16E-4 National Instruments, Austin, Texas, USA N/A – legacy Quantity: 1
Size: N/A
used cards available online
sensor, optical backscatter – measure NTU in each aquarium Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA OBS-3+ Quantity: 5
Size: 0-1000 NTU

References

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Cite This Article
Suedel, B. C., Wilkens, J. L. A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life. J. Vis. Exp. (119), e54937, doi:10.3791/54937 (2017).

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