Summary

传统跟踪测试修改为全新的评估工具:数字和步行路线制作测试

Published: November 23, 2019
doi:

Summary

在这里,我们提出一个协议,演示如何执行两种类型的认知评估工具派生自纸笔版本的跟踪制作测试。

Abstract

跟踪制作测试 (TMT) 是评估执行功能的公认工具。标准TMT是60多年前发明的,现已修改为多个版本。随着数字技术的发展,TMT 现已被修改为数字化版本。本研究演示了在计算机上执行的数字 TMT (dTMT),在地板上行走 TMT (WTMT)。与传统版本的 TMT 相比,两者都透露了更多的信息。

Introduction

随着人口迅速老龄化,痴呆症被认为是一个重大的公共卫生问题。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的数据,全球老年痴呆症患者人数约为4700万。执行功能障碍不仅是老年人认知功能障碍的常见类型,而且被报告为从轻度认知障碍(MCI)到临床阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)2、3的进展预测因素。作为神经心理学第三应用最广泛的测试4,跟踪制作测试(TMT)被作为一个公认的工具来评估执行功能,特别是持续注意力和设置转移5,即使在老年患者6。

标准TMT是一种纸铅笔测试,由两个部分组成:tMT-A和TMT-B5。前者要求考生按升序(1->>3…)在试卷上绘制随机分布的数字(1+25)的线,而后者要求考生设置数字和字母(1->A>2->B…)。TMT 的性能通常以正确完成每个部分所用的时间进行评分7。TMT 已被翻译成不同的语言。TMT中文版于2006年8月8日开发。由于汉字与英文字母截然不同,因此在我们的程序中使用了中文版的TMT。

除了标准版本外,TMT还被研究人员以不同的方式修改(例如,口服TMT9,驾驶TMT10,步行TMT(WTMT)11),以评估特定人群或在不同条件下(如驾驶和步行)中寻找细节。值得注意的是,一些研究与标准TMT相比,一些研究的验证码也具有高有效性和可靠性。例如,麦金太尔集团开发的THINC集成工具(THINC-it)使用9个数字和字母用于TMT-B12;肖特及其同事报告的WTMT在TMT-A13中使用了15个号码。同样,TMT 的许多评估系统都超越了完整的时间评分,据报道,这些系统有助于查找除执行功能障碍之外的更多项目,或者对于不适合完成标准 TMT 的参与者进行访问。例如,一些研究人员调查了TMT的错误,发现TMT-B的错误与精神障碍患者的精神跟踪和工作记忆有关。另一组来自希腊,建议将衍生的TMT分数[TMT-(B+A)或TMT(B/A)]作为指数,以检测成人寿命15的认知灵活性受损情况。一般来说,TMT的替代评估系统可以概括如下:(1)完成时间分析—TMT完成时间以秒16计算;(2)误差分析—不同类型的TMT误差被分类和量化14;(3)手动间差异——将主导手与非主导手完成TMT的能力不同,比较17;和(4)派生的跟踪制作测试指数——对完成TMT-A和TMT-B之间的不同特征进行了分析15。其他评分方法提供了其他信息。例如,TMT误差分析的效用可以揭示认知缺陷,在精神分裂症和抑郁症患者中,使用完成时间作为唯一结果变量的认知缺陷。缺乏任何显著的手动间差异有助于区分认知功能障碍与运动障碍的影响17。衍生的TMT指数可以检测整个成人寿命的认知灵活性受损,并尽量减少人口统计和其他认知背景变量15的影响。

随着现代技术的进步,基于计算机的数字应用已越来越多地融入到传统的认知干预中,其中大多数设计与原始测试尽可能相似,而不是作为新工具创建。数字或计算机化的TMT(dTMT)已被证明有潜力捕获更多的信息,现有的测试的结构在近年基本没有变化18,19。

本研究旨在介绍基于计算机的中文版本的dTMT-A和dTMT-B,以及WTMT。两者都是经过修改的TTMTs,并且已被证实具有高灵敏度和特异性,以筛查MCI,帕金森病,阿尔茨海默氏病,等等,基于上肢和下肢的运动20,21。还介绍了详细的评分方法,因为与 TMT 的纸笔版本相比,dTMT 和 WTMT 中集成的数字技术可能有助于捕获更多信息。

Protocol

DTMT的开发和初步应用得到了解放军总医院第七医学中心评审委员会的批准。受试者在测试TMT之前签署经批准的知情同意文件。 1. 一般方法开发 使用平板电脑(例如,微软 Surface Pro 2),设备内嵌入了高质量的惯性传感器和兼容的电子笔(图1)。 使用智能设备进行能量消耗和活动 (IDEEA) 监视器,由五个传感器(每个 16 x 14 x 4 mm3,</…

Representative Results

招募了7名轻度认知障碍老年患者(患有MCI的老年人)、7名帕金森病老年患者(患有PD的老年人)和7名健康老人(健康老年人),并进行了dTMT-A、dTMT-B、WTMT-A和WTMT-B。测试后,使用SPSS软件收集和分析数据。 总体而言,参与者的人口统计数据显示,所有组在年龄、性别、教育水平、主导手、临床痴呆评分(CDR)评分、全球恶化量表(GDS)评分、TUG:定时和围棋测试(TUG)和(p …

Discussion

传统的纸铅笔TMT已经在世界各地广泛使用了50多年。然而,数字TMT是有利的。首先,传统TMT被视为一种执行功能工具,而dTMT和WTMT除了认知功能外,还有反映运动能力的方面。考虑到认知-电机双重任务近年来备受关注,与传统的TMT27相比,数字技术可以为研究人员提供有关这一综合任务的更多信息。其次,与传统版本相比,数字TMT是一种敏感的工具。与传统 TMT ?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

作者感谢陈晓德提供的数字技术支持。

Materials

Minisun LLC Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity (IDEEA)
Surface Pro 2 Microsoft computer

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Cite This Article
Wei, W., Zhào, H., Liu, Y., Huang, Y. Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test. J. Vis. Exp. (153), e60456, doi:10.3791/60456 (2019).

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