Farelerde Multipl Skleroz EAE Modeli Optik Nörit ve Beyin Enflamasyon Biyoparlaklık ve Yakın-Kızılötesi Görüntüleme
Summary
Biz, in vivo canlı biyolüminesans ve yakın kızılötesi SJL / J farelerinde multipl skleroz için deneysel otoimmün ensefalomyelit (EAE) modelinde optik nevrit ve ensefalit görüntüleme tekniğini göstermektedir.
Abstract
SJL / J farelerde deneysel otoimmün ensefalomyelit (EAE) tekrarlayan-düzelen multipl skleroz (RRMS) için bir modeldir. fonksiyon kayıpları tarif Klinik EAE puanları omurilik bağışıklık aracılıklı iltihaplanma temel okumalar vardır. Ancak, puanları ve vücut ağırlığı, beyin iltihabı ve optik nörit in vivo değerlendirilmesi için izin vermez. İkincisi yaklaşık 2/3 MS hastalarının erken ve sık bulgusudur. Burada, bir in vivo görüntüleme sistemi kullanılarak canlı farelerde biyolüminesans ve EAE optik nörit uyarılmış değerlendirmek için yakın kızıl ötesi canlı görüntüleme, beyin iltihabı ve kan-beyin bariyeri (KBB) bozulması için yöntemler göstermektedir. oksidazlar ile aktive olan bir biyolüminesens alt tabaka öncelikle optik nörit gösterdi. Sinyal özgü ve klinik skorları paralel ilaç etkileri ve hastalık süresi derslerin görselleştirme, izin verdi. vasculatur içinde kalmıştır pegile floresan nanopartiküllerUzun bir süre için, e KBB devamlılığını değerlendirmek için kullanıldı. Yakın-kızılötesi görüntüleme hastalığının zirvesinde BBB sızıntısı tespit edildi. Sinyal göz çevresindeki en güçlü oldu. Matris metaloproteinazların için yakın kızılötesi alt-tabaka EAE uyarılmış iltihabı değerlendirmek için kullanıldı. Otomatik floresans ölçümü için spektral Karışmama gerektiren sinyaline müdahale. Genel olarak, biyoparlaklık görüntüleme EAE ilişkili optik nevrit ve ilaç etkilerini değerlendirmek için güvenilir bir yöntem olduğunu ve sinyal özgüllük, sağlamlık, ölçme kolaylığı ve maliyet açısından yakın kızılötesi tekniklerden üstündü.
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis is caused by the autoimmune-mediated attack and destruction of the myelin sheath in the brain and the spinal cord1. With an overall incidence of about 3.6 cases per 100,000 people a year in women and about 2.0 in men, MS is the second most common cause of neurological disability in young adults, after traumatic injuries2,3. The disease pathology is contributed to by genetic and environmental factors4 but is still not completely understood. Autoreactive T lymphocytes enter the central nervous system and trigger an inflammatory cascade that causes focal infiltrates in the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. In most cases, these infiltrates are initially reversible, but persistence increases with the number of relapses. A number of rodent models have been developed to study the pathology of the disease. The relapsing-remitting EAE in SJL/J mice and the primary-progressive EAE in C57BL6 mice are the most popular models.
The clinical EAE scores, which describe the extent of the motor function deficits, and body weight are the gold standards to assess EAE severity. These clinical signs agree with the extent of immune cell infiltration and myelin destruction in the spinal cord and moderately predict drug treatment efficacy in humans5. However, these signs mainly reflect the destruction of the ventral fiber tracts in the spinal cord. Presently, there is no easy, non-invasive, reliable, and reproducible method to assess in vivo brain infiltration and optic neuritis in living mice.
The in vivo imaging agrees with the 3 “R” principles of Russel and Burch (1959), which claim a Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal experiments6, because imaging increases the readouts of one animal at several time points and allows for a reduction of the overall numbers. Presently, inflammation or myelin status is mainly assessed ex vivo via immunohistochemistry, FACS-analysis, or different molecular biological methods7, all requiring euthanized mice at specific time points.
A number of in vivo imaging system probes have been developed to assess inflammation in the skin, joints, and vascular system. The techniques rely on the activation of bioluminescent or near-infrared fluorescent substrates by tissue peroxidases, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)8, and cathepsins9 or cyclooxygenase2. These probes have been mainly validated in models of arthritis or atherosclerosis9,10. A cathepsin-sensitive probe has also been used for fluorescence molecular tomographic imaging of EAE11. MMPs, particularly MMP2 and MMP9, contribute to the protease-mediated BBB disruption in EAE and are upregulated at sites of immune cell infiltration12, suggesting that these probes may be useful for EAE imaging. The same holds true for peroxidase or cathepsin-based probes. Technically, imaging of inflammation in the brain or spinal cord is substantially more challenging because the skull or spine absorb bioluminescent and near-infrared signals.
In addition to inflammation indicators, fluorescent chemicals have been described, which specifically bind to myelin and may allow for quantification of myelination13. A near-infrared fluorescent probe, 3,3′-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DBT), was found to specifically bind to myelinated fibers and was validated as a quantitative tool in mouse models of primary myelination defects and in cuprizone-evoked demyelination14. In EAE, the DBT signal was rather increased, reflecting the inflammation of the myelin fibers5.
An additional hallmark of EAE and MS is the BBB breakdown, resulting in increased vascular permeability and the extravasation of blood cells, extracellular fluid, and macromolecules into the CNS parenchyma. This can lead to edema, inflammation, oligodendrocyte damage, and, eventually, demyelination15,16. Hence, visualization of the BBB leak using fluorescent probes, such as fluorochrome-labeled bovine serum albumin5, which normally distribute very slowly from blood to tissue, may be useful to assess EAE.
In the present study, we have assessed the usefulness of different probes in EAE and show the procedure for the most reliable and robust bioluminescent technique. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons of near-infrared probes for MMP activity and BBB integrity.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Mevcut Video SJL / J farelerinde EAE in vivo görüntüleme biyolüminesans ve yakın kızılötesi floresan teknikleri göstermektedir. Biz bir enflamasyon duyarlı prob kullanılarak biyolüminesans görüntüleme esas optik nörit gösterir ve miktar EAE şiddetinin klinik değerlendirme ve ilaç etkileri ile uyumlu olduğunu göstermektedir. Sinyal omurga tarafından emilir Ancak, biyolüminesans görüntüleme yöntemi olasılıkla, EAE tezahürü 17 birincil site lomber spinal kord…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Bu araştırma, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC1039 A3) ve araştırma fonu programı Hessen, Translasyonel Tıp ve Farmakoloji TMP Araştırma Merkezi Devlet "Landesoffensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz" (LOEWE) ve Else Kröner-Fresenius Vakfı tarafından desteklenen (EKFS), Araştırma Eğitim Grubu Translational Araştırma Yenilik – Pharma (AÇMA).
Materials
| AngioSpark-680 | Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA | NEV10149 | Imaging probe, pegylated nanoparticles, useful for imaging of blood brain barrier integrity |
| MMP-sense 680 | Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA | NEV10126 | Imaging probe, activatable by matrix metalloproteinases, useful for imaging of inflammation |
| XenoLight RediJect Inflammation Probe | Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA | 760535 | Imaging probe, activatable by oxidases, useful for imaging of inflammation |
| PLP139-151/CFA emulsion | Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA | EK-0123 | EAE induction kit |
| Pertussis Toxin | Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA | EK-0123 | EAE induction kit |
| IVIS Lumina Spectrum | Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA | Bioluminescence and Infrared Imaging System | |
| LivingImage 4.5 software | Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA | CLS136334 | IVIS analysis software |
| Isoflurane | Abbott Labs, Illinois, USA | 26675-46-7 | Anaesthetic |
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