De getoonde techniek voor in vivo bioluminescentie levende en nabije infrarood beeldvorming van optische neuritis en encefalitis bij de experimentele autoimmune encefalomyelitis (EAE) model voor multiple sclerose in SJL / J muizen.
Experimentele auto-immune encefalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL / J-muizen is een model voor relapsing-remitting multiple sclerose (RRMS). Klinische EAE scores beschrijven motorische functie zijn eenvoudig uitlezen van de immuun-gemedieerde ontsteking van het ruggenmerg. Echter, scores en lichaamsgewicht niet mogelijk een in vivo bepaling van hersenontsteking en optische neuritis. Dit laatste is een vroege en frequente manifestatie bij ongeveer 2/3 van MS. Hier tonen wij werkwijzen voor bioluminescentie en nabij infrarood levende imaging beoordelen EAE opgewekt optische neuritis, hersenontsteking en bloed-hersenbarrière (BBB) verstoringen in levende muizen met een in vivo beeldvormingssysteem. Een lichtgevende substraat geactiveerd door oxidases voornamelijk toonde oogzenuwontsteking. Het signaal was specifiek en kon de visualisatie van medicatie effecten en ziekte tijdsverloop, waarbij de klinische scores parallel. Gepegyleerd fluorescente nanodeeltjes die in de vasculatur geblevene voor langere tijd werden gebruikt om de integriteit van BBB beoordelen. Nabij infrarood beeldvorming onthulde een BBB lek op het hoogtepunt van de ziekte. Het signaal was het sterkst rond de ogen. Een bijna-infrarood substraat voor matrix metalloproteïnasen werd gebruikt om EAE opgewekt inflammatie. Auto-fluorescentie bemoeid met het signaal, waarbij spectrale ontmenging voor de kwantificering. Overall, bioluminescentie een betrouwbare methode om EAE-geassocieerde optische neuritis en medicatie effecten ingeschat en was superieur aan het nabije infrarood technieken wat betreft signaal specificiteit, robuustheid, gemak van kwantificering en kosten.
Multiple sclerosis is caused by the autoimmune-mediated attack and destruction of the myelin sheath in the brain and the spinal cord1. With an overall incidence of about 3.6 cases per 100,000 people a year in women and about 2.0 in men, MS is the second most common cause of neurological disability in young adults, after traumatic injuries2,3. The disease pathology is contributed to by genetic and environmental factors4 but is still not completely understood. Autoreactive T lymphocytes enter the central nervous system and trigger an inflammatory cascade that causes focal infiltrates in the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. In most cases, these infiltrates are initially reversible, but persistence increases with the number of relapses. A number of rodent models have been developed to study the pathology of the disease. The relapsing-remitting EAE in SJL/J mice and the primary-progressive EAE in C57BL6 mice are the most popular models.
The clinical EAE scores, which describe the extent of the motor function deficits, and body weight are the gold standards to assess EAE severity. These clinical signs agree with the extent of immune cell infiltration and myelin destruction in the spinal cord and moderately predict drug treatment efficacy in humans5. However, these signs mainly reflect the destruction of the ventral fiber tracts in the spinal cord. Presently, there is no easy, non-invasive, reliable, and reproducible method to assess in vivo brain infiltration and optic neuritis in living mice.
The in vivo imaging agrees with the 3 “R” principles of Russel and Burch (1959), which claim a Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal experiments6, because imaging increases the readouts of one animal at several time points and allows for a reduction of the overall numbers. Presently, inflammation or myelin status is mainly assessed ex vivo via immunohistochemistry, FACS-analysis, or different molecular biological methods7, all requiring euthanized mice at specific time points.
A number of in vivo imaging system probes have been developed to assess inflammation in the skin, joints, and vascular system. The techniques rely on the activation of bioluminescent or near-infrared fluorescent substrates by tissue peroxidases, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)8, and cathepsins9 or cyclooxygenase2. These probes have been mainly validated in models of arthritis or atherosclerosis9,10. A cathepsin-sensitive probe has also been used for fluorescence molecular tomographic imaging of EAE11. MMPs, particularly MMP2 and MMP9, contribute to the protease-mediated BBB disruption in EAE and are upregulated at sites of immune cell infiltration12, suggesting that these probes may be useful for EAE imaging. The same holds true for peroxidase or cathepsin-based probes. Technically, imaging of inflammation in the brain or spinal cord is substantially more challenging because the skull or spine absorb bioluminescent and near-infrared signals.
In addition to inflammation indicators, fluorescent chemicals have been described, which specifically bind to myelin and may allow for quantification of myelination13. A near-infrared fluorescent probe, 3,3′-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DBT), was found to specifically bind to myelinated fibers and was validated as a quantitative tool in mouse models of primary myelination defects and in cuprizone-evoked demyelination14. In EAE, the DBT signal was rather increased, reflecting the inflammation of the myelin fibers5.
An additional hallmark of EAE and MS is the BBB breakdown, resulting in increased vascular permeability and the extravasation of blood cells, extracellular fluid, and macromolecules into the CNS parenchyma. This can lead to edema, inflammation, oligodendrocyte damage, and, eventually, demyelination15,16. Hence, visualization of the BBB leak using fluorescent probes, such as fluorochrome-labeled bovine serum albumin5, which normally distribute very slowly from blood to tissue, may be useful to assess EAE.
In the present study, we have assessed the usefulness of different probes in EAE and show the procedure for the most reliable and robust bioluminescent technique. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons of near-infrared probes for MMP activity and BBB integrity.
De huidige video toont technieken voor bioluminescentie en nabij-infrarood fluorescentie in vivo beeldvorming van EAE in SJL / J muizen. We tonen aan dat bioluminescentie met gebruikmaking van een ontsteking-gevoelige probe toont voornamelijk optische neuritis en kwantificering eens met de klinische evaluatie van EAE ernst en de werking van medicijnen. De bioluminescentie methode niet kon ontsteking van het lumbale ruggenmerg, die een primaire plaats van EAE manifestatie 17 detecteren, w…
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Dit onderzoek werd ondersteund door de Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC1039 A3) en de financiering van onderzoek programma "Landesoffensive zur Entwicklung wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz" (LOEWE) van de staat van Hessen, Research Center for Translational Medicine en Farmacologie TMP en de Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation (EKFS), Research Training Group Translationeel Onderzoek Innovatie – Pharma (TRIP).
AngioSpark-680 | Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA | NEV10149 | Imaging probe, pegylated nanoparticles, useful for imaging of blood brain barrier integrity |
MMP-sense 680 | Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA | NEV10126 | Imaging probe, activatable by matrix metalloproteinases, useful for imaging of inflammation |
XenoLight RediJect Inflammation Probe | Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA | 760535 | Imaging probe, activatable by oxidases, useful for imaging of inflammation |
PLP139-151/CFA emulsion | Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA | EK-0123 | EAE induction kit |
Pertussis Toxin | Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA | EK-0123 | EAE induction kit |
IVIS Lumina Spectrum | Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA | Bioluminescence and Infrared Imaging System | |
LivingImage 4.5 software | Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA | CLS136334 | IVIS analysis software |
Isoflurane | Abbott Labs, Illinois, USA | 26675-46-7 | Anaesthetic |