自体血液或梭菌胶原酶脑内注射为脑出血的小鼠模型
Summary
Preclinical models of intracerebral hemorrhage are utilized to mimic certain aspects of clinical disease. Thus, mechanisms of injury and potential therapeutic strategies may be explored. In this protocol, two models of intracerebral hemorrhage are described, intrastriatal (basal ganglia) injections of autologous blood or collagenase.
Abstract
脑出血（ICH）是脑血管疾病的一种常见的形式，并与显著发病率和死亡率相关联。缺乏针对止血和血栓清除大型临床试验有效的治疗和失败表明，有必要对非物质文化遗产的机制，进一步推动调查。这项研究可能通过临床前模型提供的框架下进行。两种小鼠模型中普遍使用包括纹状体（基底节区）注射要么自体全血或梭菌胶原酶。因为，每一个模型代表与非物质文化遗产明显不同的病理生理特点，使用一个特定的模式，可能基于什么方面的病是需要研究来选择。例如，自体血注入最准确地代表了大脑的反应的实质内血液的存在，并可能最为密切复制脑叶出血。梭菌胶原酶注射最准确地代表的S商场血管破裂和出血深部血肿的演变特征。因此，每个模型的结果在不同的血肿形成，神经炎症反应，减轻脑水肿的发展，以及神经行为的结果。一名自称是治疗干预的鲁棒性可以使用这两种模式是最好的评估。在这个协议中，诱导非物质文化遗产的利用这两种模式，立即手术示范损伤和早期术后护理技术论证。这两款机型导致重复性的伤害，血肿体积和神经行为缺陷。由于人类非物质文化遗产的异质性，需要多个临床前模型，彻底探讨的病理生理机制，并测试潜在的治疗策略。
Introduction
脑出血（ICH）是脑血管病的30日内1折磨的患者中，约有40-50％死于一种比较常见的形式。不幸的是，很少有改善的死亡率在过去的20年2。卫生3和全国学院从美国心脏协会4指引报告强调了发展非物质文化遗产的临床相关模型，以延长病理生理的认识和发展目标，新的治疗方法的重要性。
几种模式的存在是为了模仿人类非物质文化遗产5。由于脑出血病理生理的成熟的认识，它已成为明显的是，有多种型号可用于研究疾病的不同方面。以前使用的模型包括小鼠淀粉样血管病6，脑实质微球插入和通胀7，并直接动脉血浸润8,9。从淀粉样血管病脑叶出血进行了建模与使用转基因小鼠，代表了独特的非物质文化遗产亚型。微球模型模拟急性占位效应的血肿形成，但无法捕捉到大脑的血液存在细胞反应。最后，直接的动脉血液渗受试者大脑从股动脉的动脉压力。因此，该模型模拟动脉压和血液的存在，但不受到大脑由小血管破裂微血管损伤。此外，该模型具有固有的高变异性。有趣的是，自发性高血压大鼠10自发发展非物质文化遗产因为他们的年龄。脑出血后发展研究这些动物可能模仿这种疾病的主要合并症诱发人类非物质文化遗产之一的存在。虽然这些其他车型存在，纹状体内注射胶原酶梭菌11或instrastiatal注射液的中utologous全血12顷 ，目前，用于临床前研究的ICH最常见的两种模型。
脑出血模型的选择应根据实验的问题，包括品种选择，诱导形成血肿的方法的目标进行。举例来说，猪是大动物与比较大脑白质大脑体积相对于小鼠。因此，猪模型适合于研究脑白质病理生理以下非物质文化遗产。相比之下，啮齿动物的大脑在很大程度上是灰质，但转基因系统，使有用的啮齿动物脑出血后，评估损伤和恢复的分子机制。每个模型都有其固有的优势和劣势（ 表1），这应前实验慎重考虑。
以下协议证明在小鼠体内的自体血和胶原酶注射模型。这些模型已分别被翻译从最初在大鼠模型13,14和允许使用广泛使用转基因技术探索脑出血后与细胞死亡相关的分子机制。都代表人类非物质文化遗产明显不同损伤的机制，并且都具有明显不同的预期结果中的行为和组织措施方面。因此，某些假设可能会借给自己一个模型比其他，但很多想法可能需要验证在两个模型。
表1比较胶原酶和自体血注射脑出血模型的特点。
| 注射胶原酶 | 注血 | |
| 易于使用 | + + + | + | 再生性 | + | + |
| 出血的大小控制 | + | + + + |
| 血液返流 | + | + |
| 模拟人类疾病 | + | – |
| 简单 | + | + |
| 使用多个物种 | + | + |
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
尽管新兴的临床前研究和由此产生的大量临床试验有前途的治疗15-18，也有表现，以改善脑出血预后无药物干预，并照顾在很大程度上仍然支持。可通过高通量技术，如转录组和蛋白质组的工作产生的可能的治疗的列表。虽然这些技术继续推进潜在的治疗靶点我们的知识，前进的希望的目标向后平移可通过使用临床相关临床前模型19-22最好的检验。因为它们允许快速吞吐选定的候?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the American Heart Association Scientist Development Grant and the Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research (MLJ). We would like to thank Talaignair N. Venkatraman PhD for his assistance with magnetic resonance imaging.
Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Stereotactic frame | Stoelting Co. | 51603 | |
| Probe holder with corner clamp | Stoelting Co. | 51631 | |
| Mini grinder | Power Glide | Model 60100002 | |
| 0.5 µl Hamilton syringe | Hamilton Co. | 86259 | 25 gauge needle |
| 50 µl Hamilton syringe | Hamilton Co | 7637-01 | |
| 26G Hamilton needle | Hamilton Co | 7804-03 | |
| Syringe pump | KD Scientific | Model 100 | |
| Heat therapy water pump | Gaymar Industries, Inc. | Model# TP650 | |
| Circulating waterbed | CMS Tool & Die, Inc. | ||
| Rodent ventilator | Harvard Apparatus | Model 683 | |
| Isoflurane vaporizer | Drager | Vapor 19.1 | |
| Air flowmeter | Cole Parmer | Model PMR1-010295 | |
| Induction chamber | Self made | ||
| Otoscope | Welch Allyn | 22820 | |
| intravenous catheter | Becton-Dickinson | 381534 | 20-gauge, 1.16 inch Insyte-W |
| Isoflurane | Baxter Healthcare Corporation | NDC10019-360-69 | |
| Collagenase Type IV-S | Sigma | C1889 | |
| Polyethylene tubing PE20 | Becton-Dickinson | 427406 | |
| Polyethylene tubing PE10 | Becton-Dickinson | 427401 | |
| 30G 1 inch needle | Becton-Dickinson | 305128 | |
| 27G 1 1/4 inch needle | Becton-Dickinson | 305136 | |
| Surgical scissors | Miltex | 21-539 | |
| Forceps | Miltex | 17-307 | |
| Needle holder | Boboz | RS-7840 | |
| Monofilament suture | Ethicon | 8698 | Size 5-0 |
| Indicating controller | YSI | 73ATD |
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