详细的汗渍监控协议使用一种新的，小的，无线设备
Summary
Recently, we developed a small wireless device for perspiration monitoring. In this article, we present detailed protocols on how to use the device for perspiration monitoring with an example of the sympathetic activity test.
Abstract
排汗监测可用于检测某些疾病，如体温调节和精神障碍，尤其是当患者不知道这样的病症或有困难表达他们的症状。直到现在，排汗监测几个设备已被开发;然而，这种设备往往具有相对大的外部，相当大的功耗，和/或灵敏度以下。
最近，我们制定了汗水监控的小型无线设备。该装置由一个温度/相对湿度（T / RH）传感器，电池驱动的小的数据记录器，且将硅胶用作在一个小的圆柱形外部的干燥剂。为T /相对湿度传感器被放置在检测窗口（通过它从皮肤水蒸气进入），并在硅胶之间。排汗监视装置的基本原理是基于扩散的Fick定律，这意味着水蒸汽线FROM皮肤到硅胶（ 即经皮水分损失和汗）可通过在在T /相对湿度传感器的湿度变化被捕获。另外，基线减法方法获得通过区分汗渍和经皮水分流失。
如在先前的报告中所示，显影设备可以监控在主体的以容易，无线方式任何网站的汗水。然而，如何使用该装置的详细方法尚未公开。在这篇文章中，因此，我们想显示如何使用设备的汗水监控，通过展示与交感神经皮肤反应监测作为一个例子交感神经活性试验点逐点教程。
Introduction
人体出汗，一般称为“出汗”，不只是对于体温1的机构，但它也与某些种类的疾病。异常排汗的病因是广泛的，包括：中暑，高-或甲状腺机能减退2，脑梗塞3，糖尿病4，自主神经功能异常5，绝经（称为“潮热”）6，囊性纤维化7，帕金森氏病8，和社会焦虑症9。在排汗有关的疾病的数量的光，它已被认为是有益的并监控排汗率此类疾病的早期诊断或预测（ 例如，预防中暑的）是一个普遍存在的方式10。
迄今为止，只有对排汗监测装置的一个小数目已经被提出。在早期，皮肤电导和相对湿度分别用于间接我排汗11,12的量的ndices。最近，数种对排汗监测柔性的，可穿戴的传感器已被提出13-19，尽管它们旨在用于汗水电解质的分析，而不是量或排汗的时间模式。水蒸汽扩散的计算已被用于从皮肤20-23监测水交换的更定量的方法。然而，这需要：（1）假设的外气氛仍然和常数20，（2）足以灵敏度来检测水蒸气21,22，或（3）的冷却剂（ 如 ，珀耳帖装置，其消耗的自然流动电力的大量）冷凝水蒸汽液体23;因此，它们可能难以每日和长期监测。作为一种替代，一个通风室方法被开发20,24,25。在通风室的方法，干燥的氮气或除湿的空气在邻近于从在从皮肤蒸发的水蒸汽的氮气罐或泵和气体皮肤的小室渗入被收集。从皮肤的水蒸汽的量可以从在出口和入口气体的湿度的差来计算。虽然这种方法可以估算排汗量非常精确，氮气罐或机械泵是通常大到足以妨碍日常监控。
为了解决这些缺点，我们最近开发了排汗监测的新型设备，其中有干燥剂驱动强制水蒸汽流的密闭室，使敏感和长期监测26。此装置由与记录的微处理器，和硅胶（ 图1）的圆筒形塑料外壳，温度/相对湿度（T / RH）传感器。原则上，外部大气不应该与水蒸汽流，和一个冷却剂或ventilatin干扰克腔是不需要的。排汗配置文件可以通过使用电子表格软件26求解方程来获得。先前的研究已经显示只有发达装置的原理，并省略了如何使用，因为空间限制的设备的详细方法。
本文的目的，因此，是显示如何使用显影装置排汗监测，通过显示交感神经活性试验，例如，在应激诱导的手掌出汗的记录的详细方法。
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
本文的目的是介绍使用一种新型的，无线的汗水监控装置。由于最近的工程的进步，更精确，便于手柄方法颞排汗监测已经提出;通风室方法24,25和蒸气压扩散法23是代表性实例。然而，通风室方法需要使用干燥的氮气或干燥剂以产生干燥气氛的泵，因此，外部的倾向变大。蒸气压扩散方法能在一个小的外部通过，尽管开放室系统可以通过外部大气在很大程度上影响，所述封闭室系?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge Mr. Ryohei Suganuma and Ms. Sakie Tachibana who helped perform the research. This study was supported in part by the JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 15K20664, 24500848, and 21500405. This study was also funded in part by the MEXT/JST Tenure Track Promotion Program. A part of this study was based on the Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-169881 and the Japanese Patent No. 5708911.
Materials
| Required for perspiration monitoring | |||
| Perspiration monitoring device | Rousette Strategy Inc. | SNT-200 | |
| USB-serial port conversion interface | Rousette Strategy Inc. | UUI-200 | |
| Perspiration recording software | Rousette Strategy Inc. | TED99 | |
| Silica gel | Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. | 194-16665 | Type A silica gel should be used. |
| Medical double-sided tape | 3M | 2181 | Medical grade is recommended because of the attachment to the skin. |
| Computer | Requires Windows operating system. | ||
| Name | Company | Catalog | Comments |
| Required for the monitoring of sympathetic skin response | |||
| Instrumentation amplifier | Nihon Kohden Corp. | AB-611J | |
| Amplifier chassis | Nihon Kohden Corp. | MEG-6108 | |
| Input box | Nihon Kohden Corp. | JB-610B | |
| Alcohol swab | Suzuran Sanitary Goods Co., Ltd. | 4545766050846 | |
| Electrodes | Nihon Kohden Corp. | NE-114A | |
| Electrode paste | Nihon Kohden Corp. | Z-401CE | |
| Medical tape | Nichiban Co., Ltd. | SG257 | |
| Analog signal interface | Micro Science K.K. | C BOX-014 | |
| Analog-to-digital converter | Micro Science K.K. | ADM-686PCI | |
| SSR recording software | Matsuyama Advance Co., Ltd. | LaBDAQ2000 | |
References
- Hardy, J. D. Physiology of temperature regulation. Physiol. Rev. 41, 521-606 (1961).
- Niepomniszcze, H., Amad, R. H. Skin disorders and thyroid diseases. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 24 (8), 628-638 (2001).
- Korpelainen, J. T., Sotaniemi, K. A., Myllyla, V. V. Hyperhidrosis as a reflection of autonomic failure in patients with acute hemispheral brain infarction. An evaporimetric study. Stroke. 23 (9), 1271-1275 (1992).
- Fealey, R. D., Low, P. A., Thomas, J. E. Thermoregulatory sweating abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clin Proc. 64 (6), 617-628 (1989).
- Leung, A. K., Chan, P. Y., Choi, M. C. Hyperhidrosis. Int J Dermatol. 38 (8), 561-567 (1999).
- Kronenberg, F., Cote, L. J., Linkie, D. M., Dyrenfurth, I., Downey, J. A. Menopausal hot flashes: thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and circulating catecholamine and LH changes. Maturitas. 6 (1), 31-43 (1984).
- Gibson, L. E., Cooke, R. E. A test for concentration of electrolytes in sweat in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas utilizing pilocarpine by iontophoresis. Pediatrics. 23 (3), 545-549 (1959).
- Swinn, L., et al. Sweating dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 18 (12), 1459-1463 (2003).
- Davidson, J. R., Foa, E. B., Connor, K. M., Churchill, L. E. Hyperhidrosis in social anxiety disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 26 (7-8), 1327-1331 (2002).
- Gun Park, D., Chul Shin, S., Won Kang, S., Tae Kim, Y. Development of flexible self adhesive patch for professional heat stress monitoring service. Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 4, 3789-3792 (2005).
- Pickup, J. C. Preliminary evaluation of a skin conductance meter for detecting hypoglycemia in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 5 (3), 326-329 (1982).
- Stenstrom, S. J. A study on skin humidity in leprosy patients using a new type of humidity meter. Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis. 52 (1), 10-18 (1984).
- Monty, C. N., Wujcik, E. K., Blasdel, N. J. Flexible Electrode for Detecting Changes. in Temperature, Humidity, and Sodium Ion Concentration in Sweat. , (2013).
- Wujcik, E. K., Blasdel, N. J., Trowbridge, D., Monty, C. N. Ion Sensor for the Quantification of Sodium in Sweat Samples. IEEE Sens. J. 13 (9), 3430-3436 (2013).
- Blasdel, N. J., Wujcik, E. K., Carletta, J. E., Lee, K. S., Monty, C. N. Fabric Nanocomposite Resistance Temperature Detector. IEEE Sens. J. 15 (1), 300-306 (2015).
- Jia, W., et al. Electrochemical tattoo biosensors for real-time noninvasive lactate monitoring in human perspiration. Anal. Chem. 85 (14), 6553-6560 (2013).
- Huang, X., et al. Stretchable, wireless sensors and functional substrates for epidermal characterization of sweat. Small. 10 (15), 3083-3090 (2014).
- Rose, D. P., et al. Adhesive RFID Sensor Patch for Monitoring of Sweat Electrolytes. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 62 (6), 1457-1465 (2015).
- Gao, W., et al. Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature. 529 (7587), 509-514 (2016).
- Nilsson, G. E. Measurement of water exchange through skin. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 15 (3), 209-218 (1977).
- Tagami, H., Kobayashi, H., Kikuchi, K. A portable device using a closed chamber system for measuring transepidermal water loss: comparison with the conventional method. Skin Res. Technol. 8 (1), 7-12 (2002).
- Nuutinen, J., et al. A closed unventilated chamber for the measurement of transepidermal water loss. Skin Res. Technol. 9 (2), 85-89 (2003).
- Imhof, R. E., De Jesus, M. E., Xiao, P., Ciortea, L. I., Berg, E. P. Closed-chamber transepidermal water loss measurement: microclimate, calibration and performance. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 31 (2), 97-118 (2009).
- Sakaguchi, M., Ono, N., Ohhashi, T. A new skin moisture meter using absolute hygrosensor. Tech. Rep. IEICE. 98 (309), 43-47 (1998).
- Sakaguchi, M., et al. Development of the new ventilation capsule type sweating-evaporation ratemeter – measurements of local sweating rates and evaporation rates. Tech. Rep. IEICE. 106 (253), 65-68 (2006).
- Ogai, K., Fukuoka, M., Kitamura, K., Uchide, K., Nemoto, T. Development of a small wireless device for perspiration monitoring. Med. Eng. Phys. 38 (4), 391-397 (2016).
- Claus, D., Schondorf, R., Deuschl, G., Eisen, A. Sympathetic skin response. Recommendations for the Practice of Clinical Neurophysiology Guidelines of the International Federation of Clinical Physiology (EEG Suppl. 52). , 277-282 (1999).
- Emad, M., Roshanzamir, S., Dabbaghmanesh, A., Ghasempoor, M. Z., Eivazlou, H. Inclusion of Height and Limb Length when Interpreting Sympathetic Skin Response. Iran J Med Sci. 41 (1), 48-52 (2016).
