Summary

Endojen ve İmmünofloresan Analizi ve Eksojen Sentromer-kinetochore Proteinler

Published: March 03, 2016
doi:

Summary

Here we report protocols to detect endogenous and exogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells and quantify these protein levels at centromeres-kinetochores by indirect immunofluorescent staining through the use of fixation (paraformaldehyde, acetone, or methanol fixation).

Abstract

“Centromeres” and “kinetochores” refer to the site where chromosomes associate with the spindle during cell division. Direct visualization of centromere-kinetochore proteins during the cell cycle remains a fundamental tool in investigating the mechanism(s) of these proteins. Advanced imaging methods in fluorescence microscopy provide remarkable resolution of centromere-kinetochore components and allow direct observation of specific molecular components of the centromeres and kinetochores. In addition, methods of indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) staining using specific antibodies are crucial to these observations. However, despite numerous reports about IIF protocols, few discussed in detail problems of specific centromere-kinetochore proteins.1-4 Here we report optimized protocols to stain endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells by using paraformaldehyde fixation and IIF staining. Furthermore, we report protocols to detect Flag-tagged exogenous CENP-A proteins in human cells subjected to acetone or methanol fixation. These methods are useful in detecting and quantifying endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins and Flag-tagged CENP-A proteins, including those in human cells.

Introduction

"Sentromerler" Klasik genetikte bastırılmış mayoz rekombinasyon bölgeleri olarak tanımlanan ve daha sonra mitoz sırasında doğru kromozom ayrımı önemli bir rol oynar mitotik kromozom birincil daralma olarak kabul edildi. "Kinetokorlar" elektron mikroskobu ile ortaya koyduğu gibi, sentromerlerinin yüzeyinde mikrotübül bağlanan katmanlı yapılar olarak tarif edildi; "Kinetokorlar" sonra mitotik kromozom sentromer de lokalize makromoleküler kompleksi olarak tanımlandı. omurgalılar arasında sentromerik DNA dizilerinin dramatik farklılığa rağmen, kinetochore yapısı ve bileşimi yüksek oranda korumalıdır. iğ mikrotübüller ve kinetokor oluşumunu uyarır arasındaki dinamik etkileşim mitoz sırasında kromozomların sadık ayrımı için gerekli olan ve sentromer-kinetochore fonksiyonu kurşun kusurları anöploidi ve böylece kanser olduğunu.

En ökaryotlarda sentromerResim tanımlanan DNA sekansına sahiptir, ancak 171-bp α-uydu DNA'dan oluşan tekrarlanan alphoid DNA'nın büyük diziler (0,3-5 Mb) oluşmaktadır. Maya tomurcuklanma dışında, sentromer kimliği olmayan DNA dizisi tarafından değil histon H3 varyantı CenH3 içeren özel bir nükleozom varlığı ile elde edilir (sentromer protein A [CENP-A] insanlarda). 5 CENP-A nükleozom lokalize 171-bp α-uydu DNA memeli kinetokorlar 7 ve bağlama iç plakası. Aktif sentromerler gerektiren CENP-A içeren bir araya mili kontrol noktasından mitotik iğ ve sonraki devir ilerlemesine kromozomların eki düzenleyen, bir kurucu sentromer ilişkili ağ (KİAN) ve kinetochore proteinlerin işe yönlendirmek için nükleozom.

Yukarıdaki deliller ışığında, CENP-A sentromer 8 epigenetik işareti olduğu ileri sürülmüştür; Bununla beraber, işlem hangi CENP-A i zikredilennBu sentromerik DNA, ve dahil edilmek için sorumlu olan faktörler henüz iyi karakterize edilmemiştir. Kısa bir sentromer hedefleme alanı (CATD) CENP-A bölgesini kat histon bulunur ve CATD ile H3 karşılık gelen bölgenin yerine sentromer doğrudan H3 için yeterlidir. 9 Çeşitli çalışmalarda post-translasyonel fonksiyonel rolleri önerilen modifikasyonu CENP-A 12-16 (PTM); Ancak, sentromer için istihdamında CENP-A bu PTMS moleküler mekanizmalar henüz ortaya konamamıştır. Daha önce CUL4A-RBX1-COPS8 E3 ligaz aktivitesi sentromer için CENP-A CENP-A K124 ubiquitylation ve lokalizasyonu için gerekli olduğu bildirilmektedir. 17

Kinetochore proteinlerin keşfi ve karakterize kromozom segregasyonu ile ilgili yeni bir bakış açısı yol açmıştır. 18 en fazla 100 kinetochore bileşenleri çeşitli yaklaşımlarla omurgalı hücreler tespit edilmiştir. 19,20 Altındafloresan mikroskopi kinetokorlar montaj ve işlevi de hücrelerin içinde her sentromer kinetochore proteinler ve protein-protein ağının hücresel fonksiyonları karakterizasyonu geliyor nasıl ayakta. 19 Doğrudan görselleştirme ve gelişmiş görüntüleme yöntemleri sentromer kinetochore bileşenlerin olağanüstü çözünürlük sağlar ve izin sentromerler ve kinetokorlar spesifik moleküler bileşenleri doğrudan gözlem. Buna ek olarak, özel antikorlar kullanılarak dolaylı immünofluoresan Yöntemi (IIF) boyama Bu gözlemler için çok önemlidir. Bununla birlikte, belirli bir sentromer kinetochore proteinlerin ayrıntılı problemlerinde tartışıldığı IIF protokolleri, birkaç ilgili olarak çok çeşitli raporlara rağmen. 1-4 Böylece geliştirilmesi ve spesifik olarak her bir sentromer kinetochore protein analiz IIF boyama ve kantitatif IIF tahlili yöntemleri rapor son derece önemlidir. IIF boyama, tek ilgilenilen proteinin kaybını önlemek için boyama protokolü ile devam etmelidir veyaHücrenin geri kalanı. Bununla birlikte, sabitleme zaman antigenik mahalleri yok eder ve farklı bir antikor-antijen kombinasyonları, bir fiksatif, yeterli çalışır, ancak çok iyi başka, 21 ve sabitleyici seçimi büyük ölçüde ilgi protein (ler) bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, farklı sabitleyici yöntemleri sentromer kinetochore proteinlerin IIF boyama önem taşımaktadır.

Dolaylı immunofloresans (IIF) boyama ve CENP-A ve Flag-künyeli eksojen CENP-A proteinleri ve insan hücrelerinde bu proteinlerin kantitatif dahil endojen sentromer kinetochore proteinlerin lokalizasyonunu gidermek için bir tahlilin Burada optimize yöntemler geliştirilmiştir. Bu yöntemler, diğer türlerde sentromer kinetochore proteinlerin analizi uygulanabilir.

Protocol

1. Hücre Kültürü ve transfeksiyonu 6 oyuklu polistiren plaka bir cam kapak (22 mm x 22 mm) koyun. İsteğe bağlı olarak kat Aşağıdaki adımları uygulayarak kapak camına mitotik hücrelerin tutmak için (Malzeme / Ekipman Listesi bakınız) suda Poli-L-Lizin ile cam kapak, w / v% 0.1,: Not: Optimal koşullar her bir hücre hattı ve bir uygulama için belirlenmelidir. su içinde Poli-L-lisin, ağ / hac% 0.1 ile aseptik kat kultur yüzeyi (0.4 mi / oyuk, 6 oyuklu polistiren plaka) eri…

Representative Results

Endojen CENP-A immünofloresans analizi CUL4A-E3 ligaz sentromer için CENP-A lokalizasyonu için gerekli olduğu hipotezini desteklemektedir Son çalışmalar, CUL4A-RBX1-COPS8 E3 ligaz aktivitesi CENP-A ve sentromer için CENP-A lokalizasyonuna lisin 124 (K124) arasında ubiquitylation için gerekli olduğunu gösterdi. 17 Başlangıçta, interfaz-sentromer kompleksi (içen) ile izole edilmiştir Anti-CENP-a: kromatin immünopresipitasyon, 32-34<…

Discussion

Son yıllarda pek çok çalışma, sabit hücreler için farklı nicel mikroskopi deneyleri geliştirdik. 42 Progress sentromer kinetochore biyoloji genellikle hücre içi mekânsal-zamansal düzenleme değişen işlevlerini yansıtan hangi proteinlerin sentromer özgü veya kinetochore özel fonksiyon anlaşılmasını gerektirir hücre döngüsü sırasında bu proteinler. Bu nedenle, burada IIF boyama ve özellikle farklı tedavi örneklerde geçerli olabilir endojen ve eksojen CENP-A proteinlerinin nispi …

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Bu çalışma NIH hibe GM68418 tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Materials

Lipofectamin 2000 Life Technologies/Invitrogen 11668 transfection reagent I
Lipofectamin RNAiMAX Life Technologies/Invitrogen 13778 transfection reagent II
Opti-MEM I Life Technologies/Invitrogen 31985 Reduced serum media, warm in 37 °C water bath before use
High-glucose DMEM (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium) Life Technologies/BioWhittaker 12-604 high-glucose DMEM, warm in 37 °C water bath before use
Fetal Bovine Serum, certified, heat inactivated, US origin Life Technologies/Gibco 10082 FBS (fetal bovine serum)
Poly-L-Lysine SOLUTION SIGMA-SLDRICH P 8920 Poly-L-Lysine, 0.1% w/v, in water
UltraPure Distilled Water Life Technologies/Invitrogen/Gibco 10977 Sterile tissue culture grade water 
Micro Cover glass (22 mm x 22 mm)  Surgipath 105 Cover glass (22 mm x 22 mm) 
6 Well Cell Culture Cluster Fisher/Corning Incorporated 07-200-83 6-well polystyrene plate 
Penicillin, Streptomycin; Liquid Fisher/Gibco 15-140 Penicillin-streptomycin
PAP PEN  Binding Site AD100.1 Hydrophobic barrier pen (for a water repellant barrier in immunofluorescent staining)
Paclitaxel (Taxol) SIGMA-SLDRICH T7402 Taxol for mitotic cell analysis
TN-16, microtubule inhibitor (TN16) Enzo Life Sciences BML-T120 TN16 for mitotic cell analysis
BSA (bovine serum albumin) SIGMA-SLDRICH A7906 Blocking reagent
Triton X-100 SIGMA-SLDRICH T8787 Detergent for permeabilization
Paraformaldehyde SIGMA-SLDRICH P6148 Fixation reagant
DAPI SIGMA-SLDRICH D9542 For nuclear staining
p-phenylenediamine SIGMA-SLDRICH P6001 For mounting medium
VWR Micro Slides, Frosted VWR International 48312-013 Micro slides 
Anti-CENP-A antibody Stressgen/Enzo Life Sciences KAM-CC006 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)
Anti-CENP-B antibody Novus Biologicals H00001059-B01P Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF, methanol/acetone fixation)-1:400 (IIF, paraformaldehyde fixation)
Anti-CENP-B antibody  abcam ab25734 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF, methanol/acetone fixation)-1:400 (IIF, paraformaldehyde fixation)
Anti-centromere antibody (ACA) Fitzgerald Industries International, Inc. 90C-CS1058 Human centromere antiserum; dilution ratio of 1:2000 (IIF)
Anti-CENP-H antibody Bethyl Laboratories BL1112 (A400-007A) Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF)
Anti-CENP-H antibody BD 612142 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:200 (IIF)
Anti-CENP-I antibody N/A, Dr. Katusmi Kitagawa N/A, Dr. Katusmi Kitagawa Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF); Niikura et al., Oncogene, 4133-4146 (2006)
Anti-KNL1 antibody Novus Biologicals NBP1-89223 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Hec1 antibody Novus Biologicals / GeneTex NB 100-338 / GTX70268 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Hec1 antibody GeneTex GTX110735 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Ska1 antibody abcam ab46826 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:100 (IIF)
Anti-Flag antibody SIGMA-ALDRICH F3165 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)
Anti-Flag antibody SIGMA-ALDRICH F7425 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:1000 (IIF), 1:5000 (WB)
Anti-CUL4A antibody N/A, Dr. Pradip Raychaudhuri N/A, Dr. Pradip Raychaudhuri Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:3000 (WB); Shiyanov et al., The Journal of biological chemistry, 35309-35312 (1999)
Anti-RBX1 antibody Cell Signaling 4397 Rabbit polyclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:2000 (WB)
Anti-GAPDH antibody Chemicon MAB374 Mouse monoclonal antibody; dilution ratio of 1:5000 (WB)
Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11001 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11005 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11008 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Alexa Fluor 594 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Life Technologies/Invitrogen A11012 fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody)
Non fat powdered milk (approved substitution for carnation powdered milk) Fisher Scientific NC9255871 (Reorder No. 190915; Lot# 90629) Skim milk
Leica DM IRE2 motorized fluorescence microscope  Leica motorized fluorescence microscope 
HCX PL APO 63x oil immersion lens Leica LEICA HCX PL APO NA 1.40 OIL PH 3 CS 63X oil immersion lens
HCX PL APO 100x oil immersion lens Leica LEICA HCX PL APO NA 1.40 OIL PHE 100X oil immersion lens
Leica EL6000 compact light source Leica External compact light source for fluorescent excitation
ORCA-R2 Digital CCD camera  Hamamatsu C10600-10B digital CCD camera 
Openlab version 5.5.2 Scientific Imaging Software  Perkin Elmer/Improvision For image observation, acquisition, quantification, and analysis
Velocity version 6.1.1 3D Image Analysis Software  Perkin Elmer/Improvision For image observation, acquisition, quantification, and analysis
Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail Roche 11873580001/11836170001 Protease inhibitor cocktail tablets
PlusOne 2-D Quant Kit Amersham Biosciences 80-6483-56 Commercial protein assay reagent I for measurement of protein concentration (compatible with 2% SDS)
Bio-Rad Protein Assay Bio-Rad 500-0006 Commercial protein assay reagent II for measurement of protein concentration (compatible with 0.1% SDS)
Immobilon-FL EMD Millipore IPFL00010 PVDF membrane for transferring
IRDye 800CW Goat Anti-Mouse IgG LI-COR Biosciences 926-32210 IR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
IRDye 680 Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG LI-COR Biosciences 926-32221 IR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
Goat anti-Mouse IgG DyLight 549 Fisher Scientific PI35507 DyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
Goat anti-Rabbit DyLight 649 Fisher Scientific PI35565 DyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:20000 (IIF)
Goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP Santa Cruz SC-2005 HRP-conjugated secondary antibodyDyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:10000 (IIF)
Goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP Santa Cruz SC-2004 HRP-conjugated secondary antibodyDyLight-conjugated secondary antibodyIR fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibody (Affinity-purified secondary antibody); dilution ratio of 1:10000 (IIF)
Openlab version 5.5.2. Scientific Imaging Software  Improvision/PerkinElmer Software A
Volocity version 6.3 3D Image Analysis Software (Volocity Acquisition) PerkinElmer Software B1
Volocity version 6.3 3D Image Analysis Software (Volocity Quantification) PerkinElmer Software B2
Branson SONIFIER 450 Sonicator
Branson Ultrasonics sonicator Microtip Step, Solid, Threaded 9.5 mm VWR Scientific Products Inc.  33995-325 Disruptor horn for sonication
Branson Ultrasonics sonicator Microtip Tapered 6.5 mm VWR Scientific Products Inc.  33996-185 Microtip for sonication
Odyssey CLx Infrared imaging System  LI-COR Biosciences Infrared imaging system for immunoblot detection
Image Studio Analysis Software Ver 4.0  LI-COR Biosciences Software C
Molecular Imager Versadoc MP4000 System  Bio-Rad Chemiluminescence imager for immunoblot detection
Quantity One 1-D analysis software  Bio-Rad Software D
SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate Thermo 34095 Ultra-sensitive enhanced chemiluminescent (ECL) substrate

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Niikura, Y., Kitagawa, K. Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins. J. Vis. Exp. (109), e53732, doi:10.3791/53732 (2016).

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