人多发性骨髓瘤(MM)细胞需要间质细胞和细胞外基质成分为存活和增殖的支持性微环境。我们建立了与植入人类骨髓瘤和间质细胞体内鸡胚模型来研究癌症药物对肿瘤的生长,侵袭和血管生成作用。
多发性骨髓瘤(MM),恶性浆细胞疾病,无法治愈的和新的药物都需要改善患者的预后。由于缺乏骨微环境和自动/旁分泌生长因子的人的MM细胞不易培养。因此,目前迫切需要建立适当的体外和体内培养系统来研究对人MM细胞新的治疗的作用。这里,我们提出一个模型,以在体外和体内生长的人类多发性骨髓瘤细胞在一个复杂的三维环境。 MM细胞系OPM-2和RPMI-8226被转染以表达该转基因GFP和培养在人类间质细胞和胶原的存在I型基质为三维球状体。此外,球状体接枝在鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜(CAM)和肿瘤生长通过立体声荧光显微镜监测。这两种型号允许新的治疗DRU研究GS在一个复杂的三维环境和肿瘤细胞块移植物在转基因特异性GFP-ELISA均化后进行量化处理。此外,主机和肿瘤细胞的侵袭进入下卧宿主组织的血管生成反应,可以每日通过立体显微镜监测和针对人肿瘤细胞(Ki-67的,CD138,波形蛋白)或宿主壁细胞覆盖血管免疫染色分析(结蛋白/ ASMA)。
总之,onplant系统允许研究在一个复杂的三维环境MM细胞生长和血管生成,使筛选靶向生存MM细胞的增殖和新的治疗的化合物。
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, bone lesions and immunodeficiency 1. Although new treatment options such as proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib) and immune modulatory drugs (pomalidomide and lenalidomide) are available, MM still remains an incurable malignancy with a grim prognosis 2. The bad prognosis might be explained by the extraordinary heterogeneity of MM cell clones that contributes to variable responses to therapy, in particular under long time treatment and selection pressure of MM clones 3.
Preclinical testing of new drugs and their combinations in vitro and in vivo is a critical and time-consuming step for future drug development. Thus, useful in-vivo models of MM are required to gain a better understanding of the biology of the disease and to enable the discovery of new drugs. Actually, the best xenotransplantation models for hematological malignancies and therapeutics are immune-deficient mice, such as the severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice 4-7, the non-obese diabetic/SCID (NOD/SCID) mice 8,9 or the β-microglobulin-knockout NOD/SCID mice 10,11.
Although murine models of human MM in some aspects can resemble the phenotype of human disease, immune-deficient mice are inbred, therefore simulate only one individual response to a drug and costs are very high. Due to immunosuppression animals require special maintenance conditions and the engraftment of human MM in mice requires 6 weeks to 2 months 9,12, unless cells are grafted directly to the bone marrow using a technically demanding procedure with lower rates of animal survival 7,13. Therefore, new methods using stem-cell based organoid models 14, tissue engineering 15 or sophisticated 3D cell culture models 16 have been established. They will compete in the near future with classical animal experiments for preclinical drug testing, but cannot replace systemic toxicity tests in living organisms.
The chicken embryo has been demonstrated before to be a suitable organism for xenotransplantation of human cells and tissues due to lack of adaptive immune response until hatching 17-19. Moreover, each chicken embryo reflects an individual reaction to applied drugs or tumor cells due to genetic diversity within the chicken population. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a well-established system to study tumor-dependent angiogenesis 20-22. When solid tumors are grafted to the CAM, they display many characteristics of cancers in vivo, including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis 23-27.
Based on the previous experience of our group with CAM xenograft models20,26,27, a human MM model was established that combines the advantage of a human 3D culture system with the model of ex ovo developing chicken embryos. This MM model system allows real time monitoring of MM growth progression, quantification of cell mass and preclinical drug testing.
的新的治疗剂用于难治性MM的发展需要较少耗时且昂贵的体内系统评估人类MM细胞的对药物的敏感性。迄今为止,只有少数的体内系统可用于新的抗骨髓瘤治疗的临床前评价。他们都有自己的化合物库29的大规模筛选的限制。
目前最好的模型为人类MM细胞是高度免疫缺陷小鼠7,13,30和火鸡胚胎29。既SCID小鼠和禽流胚胎异种移植模型可用于研究的MM的生物学和?…
The authors have nothing to disclose.
The authors want to thank Ms. Cornelia Heis for her excellent technical assistance in immunohistochemistry and preparation of chicken embryos. This work was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF Grant No. P19552) and the European Union (EU FP7 project Optatio No: 278570).
RPMI-8226 cells | DSMZ | ACC 9 | STR profiled |
OPM-2 cells | DSMZ | ACC 50 | STR profiled |
Human mesenchymal stem cells | PromoCell | PC-C-12974 | |
HEK293FT cells | Invitrogen | R700-07 | |
RPMI1640 Medium | Sigma Aldrich | R0883 | |
Fetal Bovine Serum HyClone | ThermoScientific | SH30070.03 | |
L-Glut- Pen- Strep solution | Sigma | G6784 | |
DMEM Medium | Gibco | 31966 | |
NEAA | Sigma Life Sciences | M7145 | |
Transfection Medium/Opti-MEM | Gibco | 51985 | |
eGFP lentiviral particles | GeneCopoeia | LPP-EGFP-LV105 | Ready to use viral particles |
pLenti6/V5Dest6 eGFP vector | Invitrogen | PN 35-1271 | from authors |
ViralpowerTM packaging mix | Invitrogen | P/N 35-1275 | |
Transfection reagent/ Lipofectamin 2000 | Invitrogen | 11668-027 | |
Blasticidin | Invitrogen | R210-01 | |
Neomycin | Biochrom | A2912 | |
Collagen-Type1 Rat Tail | BD Biosciences | 354236 | |
DMEM powder | Life Technologies | Art.Nr. 10338582 | |
plitidepsin | Pharmamar | ||
bortezomib | LKT Lab., Inc. | B5871 | |
SPF-white hen eggs | Charles River | Fertilized white Leghorn chicken eggs | |
Plastic weighing boats | neoLab | Art.Nr. 1-1125 | for ex-ovo culture |
Petridish square (Lids) | Simport | D210-16 | for ex-ovo culture |
RIPA Buffer (10x) | Cell Signaling | #9806 | |
Protease Inhibitor Tablets | Roche | 11 836 170 001 | |
Complete Mini EDTA-free | |||
GFP ELISA | Cell Biolabs, Inc. | AKR-121 | |
Histocette II | Simport | M493-6 | |
PFA 37% | Roth | 7398.1 | |
DPBS | Lonza | BE17-512F | |
Ethanol absolut | Normapur | 20,821,321 | |
Roti-Histol | Roth | Art.Nr.6640.4 | |
Paraplast | Sigma | A6330 | |
SuperFrost Microscope Slides | R. Langenbrinck | Art.-Nr. | |
Labor- u. Medizintechnik | 03-0060 | ||
DakoCytomation Wash Buffer 10x | DakoCytomation | Code-Nr. | |
S 3006 | |||
Target Retrieval Solution (10x) pH 6,1 | DAKO | Code-Nr. | |
S 1699 | |||
H2O2 | Merck | ||
m-a-hu ASMA clone 1A4 | DAKO | M0851 | |
m-a-hu CD138 clone MI15 | DAKO | M7228 | |
m-a-hu Vimentin clone V9 | DAKO | M0725 | |
m-a-hu Desmin clone D33 | DAKO | M0760 | |
m-a-hu Ki67 clone MIB-1 | DAKO | M7240 | |
biotinylated goat- anti-mouse IgG | Vector Laboratories Inc. | BA-9200 | |
Vectastain Elite ABC Kit | Vector Laboratories Inc. | # PK-6100 | |
FAST DAB Tablet Set. | Sigma Biochemicals | # D4293 | |
Mayer’s haemalaun solution | Merck | 1,092,490,500 | |
Roti Histokitt | Roth | Art.Nr.6638.2 | |
Bench top rotary microtome | Thermo Electron, Shandon Finesse ME+ | ||
Tissue embedding station | Leica, TP1020 | ||
Egg-Incubator | Grumbach | BSS160 | |
Stereo fluorescence microscope equipped with an connected with a digital camera (Olympus E410) and flexible cold light | Olympus, SZX10 | ||
Ultra Turrax | IKA T10 | Homogenizer |